H S 1st Year Part A Chap 2 English

 

Chapter 2: Rights in the Indian Constitution

1. What is meant by Fundamental Rights?

Answer: In a democratic country, it is necessary to provide certain rights to citizens to protect their freedom and help them develop their talents. These rights are generally called Fundamental Rights.

2. How many Fundamental Rights are mentioned in the Indian Constitution?

Answer: At present, the Indian Constitution provides six Fundamental Rights.

3. Which right has been removed from the list of Fundamental Rights?

Answer: The Right to Property.

4. Which Constitutional Amendment added Fundamental Duties for citizens?

Answer: The 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976).

5. Write any one feature of Fundamental Rights.

Answer: Fundamental Rights are an essential part of the Constitution.

6. Write any one limitation of Fundamental Rights.

Answer: The Fundamental Rights given to Indian citizens can be restricted through constitutional amendments passed by Parliament.

7. What are the Directive Principles of State Policy?

Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy are included in Part IV of the Indian Constitution. These principles give directions to the government to work for the welfare of the people. Through these principles, the Constitution aims to establish India as a welfare state.

8. How many Fundamental Duties are mentioned in the Indian Constitution at present?

Answer: There are 11 Fundamental Duties.

9. Write any two differences between Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy.

Answer:

1. The most important difference is that Fundamental Rights can be enforced by the courts, but the Directive Principles cannot be enforced by the courts.
2. Fundamental Rights place certain restrictions on the actions of the government. On the other hand, the Directive Principles increase the responsibilities of the government.

10. Mention two rights included in Article 19 of the Indian Constitution.

Answer:

1. The right to form associations or unions.
2. The right to assemble peacefully and without arms.

11. Write a short note on the composition of the National Human Rights Commission.

Answer: The National Human Rights Commission was established in India under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. A retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is appointed as its Chairperson. One serving or retired judge of the Supreme Court is also a member of the Commission. Two persons who have knowledge and practical experience in human rights are also appointed as members. The Chairpersons of the National Commission for Minorities, the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and the National Commission for Women are also members of the Commission.

12. Are the Directive Principles of State Policy enforceable by courts?

Answer: No, the Directive Principles of State Policy are not enforceable by courts. The government is not legally bound to implement them. Even if the government ignores these principles, no legal action can be taken against it.

13. Mention the Fundamental Duties included in the Indian Constitution.

Answer:

(a) To follow the Constitution and respect the National Flag and the National Anthem.

(b) To follow and respect the great ideals that inspired India's freedom movement.

(c) To protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.

(d) To defend the country and provide national service whenever called upon to do so.

(e) To promote harmony and brotherhood among all people, irrespective of religious, linguistic, regional or communal differences, and to give up practices that insult the dignity of women.

(f) To value and preserve the rich heritage of India's composite culture.

(g) To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to show kindness towards all living creatures.

(h) To develop scientific thinking, humanism, the spirit of inquiry and the spirit of reform.

(i) To work towards excellence in all areas of individual and collective activities so that the nation can achieve higher levels of progress and success.

(j) It is the duty of parents or guardians to provide opportunities for education to their children between the ages of 6 and 14 years.

14. Discuss the Fundamental Rights.

Answer: The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution are divided into six categories.

(a) Right to Equality (Articles 14–18):
The Right to Equality means that all people are equal before the law and enjoy equal protection of the laws throughout India.

(b) Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22):
The Right to Freedom is one of the most important rights of citizens. Article 19 provides various freedoms to Indian citizens and helps protect their personal liberty.

(c) Right against Exploitation (Articles 23–24):
Articles 23 and 24 of the Indian Constitution provide the Right against Exploitation. These articles aim to remove social and economic inequality and exploitation from society.

(d) Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28):
The Indian Constitution provides the Right to Freedom of Religion to people of all communities. It allows people to follow and practise their religion, subject to constitutional provisions.

(e) Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30):
The Indian Constitution provides Cultural and Educational Rights under Articles 29 and 30. These rights aim to protect the culture and educational interests of different communities.

(f) Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32):
Article 32 of the Indian Constitution provides remedies to citizens for the enforcement of their Fundamental Rights. It helps make these rights effective. This is known as the Right to Constitutional Remedies.

15. Write some features of the Directive Principles of State Policy.

Answer:

1. The Directive Principles are guidelines for the government. Although they are recognised by the Constitution, the government cannot be legally forced to follow them.
2. The Directive Principles are not justiciable. This means that people cannot approach the courts to force the government to implement them.
3. The Directive Principles are positive in nature. They increase the functions and responsibilities of the government.
4. The main objective of the Directive Principles is to establish a welfare state.
5. The Directive Principles are essential for the social and economic development of the country.

16. Discuss the differences between Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy.

Answer:

1. Fundamental Rights are provided mainly for the benefit of individuals. On the other hand, the Directive Principles are meant to guide the government.
2. Fundamental Rights are mainly individual in nature and aim to protect individual freedom. On the other hand, the Directive Principles have a social and economic focus. They aim to establish equality and justice in society.
3. Fundamental Rights are enforceable by courts. On the other hand, the Directive Principles cannot be enforced by courts.
4. Fundamental Rights aim to establish political democracy. In contrast, the Directive Principles aim to establish social and economic democracy.
5. Some Fundamental Rights are positive in nature, while others are negative. On the other hand, the Directive Principles are positive in nature.
6. Fundamental Rights are more specific and definite, whereas the Directive Principles have a wider scope.